Tattoo ink
Tattoo inks are the substance that a tattoo machine places under your skin in order to leave you with a permanent mark. Technically speaking, it's not really ink — it's actually pigment (generally metal salts or even plastics) suspended in a carrier solution which keeps the pigments evenly mixed, applicable, and clean.
Some tattoo artists mix their own ink, although most buy it pre-mixed. The advantage to making your own is that you're more likely to know exactly what it is, and you can mix a carrier that suits your needs (for example, ensuring that it is vegan friendly). A typical "home made" carrier solution might be a mix of a small bottle full of vodka (or listerine, etc.) with a little glycerine and propylene glycol (if too much of these are used, the ink will be oily and may separate), mixed into a slurry with the dry pigments.
Other common carrier components both in home made and commercial tattoo inks include alcohols, anti-freeze (ack! toxic!), formaldehyde (very toxic!), gluteraldehyde (also toxic!), water, witch hazel, and more—although a common professional base ingredient list might read "sterilized water, alcohol, glycerine". Ask your artist—if they don't know what's in their tattoo ink, do you really want to be tattooed by them?
Anne Marie Helmenstine, a chemist that writes for About.com, gives the following rundown as to the common ingredients of the different colors:
- BLACK: made of iron oxides, carbon, or logwood. "Natural black pigment is made from magnetite crystals, powdered jet, wustite, bone black,and amorphous carbon from combustion (soot). Black pigment is commonly made into India ink. Logwood is a heartwood extract from Haematoxylon campechisnum, found in Central America and the West Indies."
- BROWNS, FLESHTONES: made of ochre. "Ochre is composed of iron (ferric) oxides mixed with clay. Raw ochre is yellowish. When dehydrated through heating, ochre changes to a reddish color."
- RED: made of cinnabar, cadmium red, iron oxide, or napthol. "Iron oxide is also known as common rust. Cinnabar and cadmium pigments are highly toxic. Napthol reds are synthesized from Naptha. Fewer reactions have been reported with naphthol red than the other pigments, but all reds carry risks of allergic or other reactions."
- ORANGE: made of disazodiarylide, disazopyrazolone, or cadmium seleno-sulfide. "The organics are formed from the condensation of 2 monoazo pigment molecules. They are large molecules with good thermal stability and colorfastness."
- YELLOW: made of cadmium yellow, ochres, curcuma yellow, chrome yellow, or disazodiarylide. "Curcuma is derived from plants of the ginger family; aka tumeric or curcurmin. Reactions are commonly associated with yellow pigments, in part because more pigment is needed to achieve a bright color."
- GREEN: made of chromium oxide ("Casalis Green" or "Anadomis Green"), Malachite, Ferrocyanides, Ferricyanides, Lead chromate, Monoazo pigment, Cu/Al phthalocyanine, or Cu phthalocyanine. "The greens often include admixtures, such as potassium ferrocyanide (yellow or red) and ferric ferrocyanide (Prussian Blue)."
- BLUE: made of azure blue, cobalt blue, or Cu-phtalocyanine. "Blue pigments from minerals include copper (II) carbonate (azurite), sodium aluminum silicate (lapis lazuli), calcium copper silicate (Egyptian Blue), other cobalt aluminum oxides and chromium oxides. The safest blues and greens are copper salts, such as copper pthalocyanine. Copper pthalocyanine pigments have FDA approval for use in infant furniture and toys and contact lenses. The copper-based pigments are considerably safer or more stable than cobalt or ultramarine pigments."
- VIOLET: made of manganese violet (manganese ammonium pyrophosphate), quinacridone, dioxazine/carbazole, and various aluminum salts. "Some of the purples, especially the bright magentas, are photoreactive and lose their color after prolonged exposure to light. Dioxazine and carbazole result in the most stable purple pigments."
- WHITE: made of lead white (lead carbonate), titanium dioxide, barium sulfate, or zinc oxide. "Some white pigments are derived from anatase or rutile. White pigment may be used alone or to dilute the intensity of other pigments. Titanium oxides are one of the least reactive white pigments."
It should be noted that some inks can be harmed by direct sunlight—so don't store your inks in clear bottles on the window sill! Heat can also alter some inks, so ink can not be sterilized in a heat-based autoclave.
Tattoo inks are unregulated and not "FDA approved" or any such thing. Some of the ingredients used in tattoo ink are approved for use in cosmetics, foods, and medical devices (including iron oxides, logwood, and titanium dioxide), although most are not. However, ink allergy is extremely rare—after all, somewhere in the range of five million tattoos are done yearly with almost no complications of this type. That said, if they do occur, see a dermatologist experienced in dealing with tattoos.
Albert Jeffers adds,
- Most tattoo pigments are made from metal salts, that is oxidizing certain metals and elements to produce a color change. Ever see the copper roof on a church turn green? Well, if you have any green or blue in your body, it comes from copper. The only safe greens and blues on the market are made this way, cobalt being too toxic, and ultramarine unstable. These are called Copper Pthalocyanine pigments, painters and other craftsmen may be familiar with these pigments. Pthalocyanine pigments are approved by the FDA for use in contact lenses, surgical implants, and paint for infant furniture.
- The other pigments considered very safe are Black, most commonly Carbon Black, or Bone Black, which is India Ink, made from burning animal bones or kerosene, and collecting the soot. Purple/Violet, which is dioxazine/carbazole violet, yellows of the Arylide type, Napthol red , based on the solvent Naptha. Reds based on other materials may or may not cause scarring and reaction. Magenta is safe, but generally considered less lightfast and more unstable than other pigments. Oranges are considered safe, as are Zinc and Titanium white, Titanium being the superior white. Browns, even though they are often based on Oxides of Iron are also considered safe.
- Keep in mind that many reds are questionable, often causing burning, scarring, or rashes. While this is rare, many reds can cause serious damage, especially those made from Oxides of Iron, and Mercury. Cinnabar reds cause reactions and scarring in a high proportion of the tattooed population. These are considered very unsafe and I've heard doctors advise patients to have the pigment removed after biopsy was performed.
- Yellow is generally a safe pigment, but when used in high concentration, may burn and scar due to a change in PH under the skin. Yellow has always been a problem pigment, due to the fact that cutting the pigment load causes a lighter, more washed out hue.
It should be noted that plastic-based inks (for example, some of the more unusual inks such as glow-in-the-dark ink) can also lead to polymerization under the skin, where the particles of tattoo pigment, instead of being individually isolated by the body, join together into a solid, larger piece under the skin. This can also happen in cases where an ethyl alcohol is used as a carrier and it reacts with the plastic storage bottle.